Resources to learn programming: in which order or why. Sources are different

On the part about algorithms:

We teach algorithms so that students learn to think about invariants and properties when writing code. Real-life code is usually simple enough that it mostly works if you just throw spaghetti onto the wall. But it doesn’t always work. To write correct, robust code at work, you need to think about invariants.

There is a list of algorithms too :)

And there is one site for every main programming topic: compilers, OS, ...