The paper describe child sexual abuse material (CSAM) on the Fediverse. It relates CSAM exists across essentially every sufficiently large online communications environment. Rather, the researchers argue that federation creates a distinctive set of technical, organizational, and legal problems for detecting, reporting, and removing CSAM: removing content (or stopping content propagation), different rules are used accross the Fediverse,

The existing child-safety technologies designed for centralized platforms do not map cleanly onto federated networks. The researchers conducted an investigation 325 000 posts during two post days.

Human moderators are important for the Fediverse but it's also a burden placed on volunteer administrators. CSAM detection is not enough and account enforcement is also difficult because one user can create another account on another instance.
The report promotes:

• easier access to CSAM hash-matching technologies;
• standardized reporting procedures;
• better tools for volunteer moderators;
• training and support for administrators;
• mechanisms for sharing threat information;
• stronger cross-instance blocking;
• better detection of abusive accounts and repeat offenders; and
• improved coordination with organizations and authorities responsible for child protection.